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Industrial Waste Treatment
What is industrial waste?
Industrial waste refers to unwanted or leftover materials produced by factories and manufacturing processes. It can include chemicals, metals, plastics, and other substances that may harm the environment.
Type of Industrial Pollutant
Industrial wastewaters contain pollutants that can be divided many types (Conventional, toxic, depending on their degree of impact on the environment, on the basis of industries, industrial process in which these originate and the raw materials the use).
Conventional Pollutants: Conventional Pollutants are BOD, TSS, pH, fecal, coliform, oil and grease.
Toxic Pollutants; Sixty-five Specific Compounds and families of compounds were identified as toxic by EPA. The EPA must promulgate effluent limitations, pre-treatment standards, and new source performance standards for 42 major industrial categories Examples of toxic substances typically found in wastewater are heavy metals, cyanides, aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), phenols and halogenated phenols, paint stripping agents, solvents, surfactants, and degreasers.
The Nature of the industrial waste depends upon the industrial process in Which these originate and the raw materials the use.
The industrial wastes may be broadly divided into two groups:
- Process Waste
- Chemical Waste
Process Waste:
The waste generated in an industry during washing and processing of raw materials is known as process waste. The process waste may be organic or organic in nature depending upon the raw materials used and nature of the industry.
The organic process wastes are liberated from food processing units, distilleries, breweries, paper and pulp industry, sugar mills etc. The inorganic process wastes may be the effluents of chemicals industries, caustic soda industry, paint industry, petroleum industry, pesticide industry etc. Both organic by different industries can be divided in to two different groups i.e.
- Process wastes and
- Packing wastes
Since different industries use different raw materials, the quality and quantity of solid wastes differ from industry to industry. Industries releasing the solid wastes in the form of fly ash is dumped on the ground which leads to soil pollution.
Some amount of fly ash also contaminates atmospheric tract causing respiratory tract disorders. Metallic Industries produce a lot of solid metallic waste and large quantities of slag. In addition to the release of hazardous chemicals pollutants, the industries may also cause thermal pollution and noise pollution. The thermal Pollution is due to release of hot machinery producing a lot of noise.
Chemical Waste:
The chemicals substance generated as a byproduct during the preparation of a product is known as chemical waste product. The chemical waste includes heavy metals and their ions, detergents, acids and alkalies and various other toxic substances.
These are, usually produces by the industries like fertilizer factories, paper and pulp industries, iron and steel industries, distilleries, sugar mills etc. these are usually liberated into nearby water bodies like rivers, lakes and sea and sometimes into lands the entry of these chemicals and bodies may after the pH, BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and COD (chemical Oxygen Demand).
The loading of suspended solids, heavy metals and their ions brings about a drastic change in physiochemical nature of the water, the aquatic animals and plants absorb, accumulate and bio-concentrate the chemical wastes leading to bio magnifications and disturb the eco-systems dynamics and eco-system balance of the nature.
Characteristics of the Industrial Wastes
The Following materials can cause pollution:
Inorganic Salts: Inorganic salts which are present in most industrial wastes as well as in nature itself cause water to be “hard” and make a Stream undesirable for industrial, municipal and agricultural usage. Salt laden waters deposit scale on municipal water. Distribution pipelines, increasing resistance to flow and lowering the overall capacity of the lines. Another disadvantage is that, under growth of microscopic plant life (Algae) in surface waters.
Acids /Alkalis: Acids and Alkalis discharged by chemical and other industrial plant make a stream undesirable not only recreational uses such as swimming and boating, but also for propagation of fish and other aquatic life. High concentration of sulfuric acid, sufficient to lower the pH below 7.0 when free chlorine is present, have been reported to cause eye irritation to swimmers. As low pH may cause corrosion in air conditioning equipment and a pH greater than 9.5 enhances laundering.
Organic matter: Organic matter exhausts the oxygen resource of rivers and creator’s unpleasant tastes, odors and general’s septic conditions. It is generally conceded that the critical range for fish survival is 3 to 4 mg/l of D.O. certain organic chemicals such as phenols, affect the taste of domestic water Suppliers.
Suspended Solids: Suspended solids settle to the bottom or wash up on the banks and decompose, causing odors and depleting oxygen in the river water. Fish often die because of a sudden lowering of the oxygen content of a stream. Visible sludge creates unsightly conditions and destroys the use of a river for recreational purposes. These solids also increase the turbidity of the watercourse.
Floating Solids and liquids: These includes oils, greases, and other materials which float on the surface, they not only make the river unsightly but also obstruct passage of light through the water, retarding the growth of vital plant food. Some specific objections to oil in streams are that it.
- Interferes with natural reaeration.
- Is toxic to certain species of fish and aquatic life.
- Causes trouble in conventional water treatment processes by imparting tastes and odors to water and coating sand filters with a sticky film.
Heater Water: An Increase in water temperature, brought about by discharging wastes such as condenser waters in to streams, has various adverse effects. Streams waters which vary in temperature from one hour to the next are difficult to process efficiently in municipal and industrial water treatment plants, and heated stream water are of decreased value for industrial cooling, indeed are industry may so increase the temperature of a stream that a neighboring industry downstream cannot use the water since there may be less D.O. is available for natural biological degradation of any organic pollution discharged into these warm surface waters. Also bacterial action increases in higher temperatures, resulting in accelerated repletion of the streams oxygen resources.
Colours: Colour is contributed by textile and paper mills, tanneries, slaughterhouses and other industries, is an indicator of pollution, Colour interfaces with the transmission of sunlight into the stream and therefore, municipal and industrial water plants have great difficulty, and scant success in removing colour from raw water.
Toxic Chemicals: Both inorganic and organic chemicals, even in extremely low concentrations, may be poisonous to fresh water fish and other smaller aquatic microorganisms. Many of these compounds are not removed by municipal treatment plants and have a cumulative effect on biological systems.
Microorganisms: A few industries, such as tanneries and slaughterhouses, sometimes discharge wastes containing bacteria.
These bacteria are of two significant type:
1) Bacteria which assist in the degradation of the organic matter as the waste moves down stream. This process may aid in ‘Seeding” a Stream and in accelerating the occurrence of oxygen sag in water
2) bacteria which are pathogenic, not only to other bacteria but also to humans.
Radio Active materials: Cumulative Damaging effects on living cells.
Foam Producing Matter: Foam Producing matter such as is discharged by textile mills, paper and pulp mills and chemicals plants, gives an undesirable appearance to the receiving streams. It is an indicator of contamination and is often more objectionable in streams than lacks of oxygen.
